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GEOGRAPHY OF NEW YORK CITY 

A SUPPLEMENT TO 

MAIUVS ELEMKXTARY GEOGRAPHY 



I LIBRARY of CONGRESS 

, DEC 21 iyu<i 

-Oooyriijiii tnuy 
. ZZ, IfO V 
CUSS /* XXc. Hot 

/ On S~i r 

COPY B. 
J 



By EDWARD B. SHALLOW. A.M. 
District Superintendent of Schools, New York City 




PREPARATORY EXERCISE I 

Study Lesson II, page 4, Maury's Elementary 
Geography. 

To the Teacher. — Board niajin and trail 
maps should be /'laced on tin north wail, if 
possible, a i whatever inconvenience, in order to 
prevent confusion in points of tht compass. 
He sun that each pupil can point readily to >l" 
four principal directions from il" class room, 
In /;,,•< a study of relate dirrriimi <>/ /dans and 
/■■nuts of interest is taken up. 



LESSON I 
I (raw a plan of i he top of 

N 



W 







1'ut on 
this plan L< 
Bhowing which 
side is aort h . 
which s i d e i - 
tth, which side 
iii<! which 
Bide is v. 

Place the fig- 



ure 1 on your plan to show where the ink well 
is on your desk. Xow write the figure 2 in any 
other place ou your plan. Place a book on your 
desk where the figure 2 is on the plan. In what 
direction from the ink well is the book ? Place 
a ruler on your desk where the figure 3 is on the 
plan. In what direction from the ruler is the 
ink well ? 

Seat Work. Draw a picture of the compass i p. I. Maurj 's 
Elementary Geography i,and turn the letter "N" to 
north side of the room. In what direction is the teacher's 
desk from your -• 

LESSON II 
Draw a plan of your school room. Indii 
by letter-, on your plan, the four chief direc- 
tion u here i lie teacher's desk is. 
I Iraw a plan of one floor, or a part of oneflo 

of your sol I house, Bhowing your sol 1 r< 

and the thre "four rooms nearest to it, and the 

halls and cloak rooms near bj . 

Seat Work. Draw on paper a plan of your Bel l room 

and of i in' ' or foui nel liboring r i i 

blue; of the next r a pink; of the next room 

yeUow, etc. 

1 COI puny. 




Which is the smallest borough ? It contains 



LESSON III 

Here is a plan, or map, of the city in which 
you live. What is the name of this city ? New 
York is so large that it is divided into differ- 
ent parts, just as the floor of a house is divided 
into rooms. But there are no walls to separate 
the parts. On the map, these parts, or boroughs, 
are shown by different colors. 



more people than any other borough. 

Which is the largest borough? It is six 
times as large as Manhattan. 

What borough lies south of Manhattan Bor- 
ough ? It is five times as large as Manhattan. 

In what direction from Manhattan Borough is 
the Borough of Richmond ? It is three times as 
large as Manhattan, but it contains fewer people 
than any of the other boroughs. 



PLAN OF THE CITY 



123 



In what direction from Manhattan Borough is 
the liorough of the Bronx ? It is twice as large 
as .Manhattan. 

Seat Work. Make a list of the boroughs in the ordei ol 
their size, or area. Put opposite each a figure showing how 
man; times it contains the area of Manhattan Borough. 
I. earn to siiell the names of the boroughs. 

LESSON IV 

On what street is your school ? In what direc- 
tion does the street run? Name some other 
streets thai run in the same direction. When 
vim leave your school, if you walk to the right, 



and southeast for a pari of its way. How do 
the cross streets of Manhattan run ? Find some 
streets in Brooklyn that run almost north and 
south. Find a place in this borough where the 
streets curve. 

Seat Work. Draw on paper a mi r the school neighbor- 
hood like i he nne that was draw Q on the hoard in class. Show 
the directions and the names of the street-. 



PREPARATORY EXERCISE II 

Study Lessons V, XIX, XXII, and use maps 
pages 28, 32, 38, Maury's Elementary Geography. 




Brooklyn Bridge from Bast Uu 



what is the tirst street that you come to? If 
you walk to the left, what is the first street ? In 
what direction do these two streets run ? In 
what direction from school is your home ? What 
is the nearest car line to your school ? If von 
get into the cars on that line in what direction 
may you go ? Where will they take you ? Eave 
yon ever been to Brooklyn Bridge, or Conej 
Island, or G rant's Tomb ? Poinl toward some 
places which you have visited in the city. 

Draw on the hoard a map, or plan, of the 
neighborhood of your school, showing three 
streets in each of the four direct ions. Show oorl h, 
south, east and we-t by letters on your map. 

1 Mi pages 11 1 and I 15 is another map of the 

City of New York. It does no | show all of each 
borough as the map on page 122 does, bul it shows 
how some of the most important streets run. 
Find a street in Manhattan that runs oorthwesl 



LESSON V 

Turn to page 28. Find North America. 
What ocean is east of it ? Turn to page 3"2. 
Name the three- largest countries in North 
America. 

American hoys and girls are proud of their 
country. It is called the United States of 
Vjnerica. The largest city in it is New York 
City. It is the second largest in the world. 

<>n page 32 look in the northeastern part of 
the CTnited States for the name New York. Un- 
der the name is a do1 like this ©. It represents 
the city. In what direction is it from Boston? 
Prom Washington? From I bicago? 

Turn tn page 38. The differenl portions of 
the United States which you sec represented in 
differenl colors are called Btates. Each state is 
a part nt" the United States, as each room is a 
part of a house. Find NeM Ym k State. Find 



124 



I! I K I) ' S - E Y E V I E W 




BIRD'S-EY E V 1 EW 



125 



ti> 



**** 




New York City. In what part of New York 
State is it? Near what other two states is it? 
Near what ocean is it ? 

Seat Work. Write answers to these questions : 1. In what 
hemisphere is New Vint City? -. In what continent is it ? 
:s. In what country is it ? 4. In whal state is ii ? .">. Near 
what other two states is it ? 6. Near what ocean is it 1 

PREPARATORY EXERCISE III 

Study Lessons VI, VII, IX, Maury's Elemen- 
tary Geography. 

LESSON VI 

This is a picture of part of New York City as 
it might seem to a bird flying high in the air 

over New York Bay, 
and looking toward 
the city. Itis called 
a bird's-eye view. 

The Hudson River 
can be seen on the 
left. What is it 
called near its 
mouth ? What other 
river enters New 
York Bay ? Be- 
H een these rivers is 
.Manhattan Island. 
Hast River is really 
not a river, bui a 
long strait. What 
sound does it con- 
nect with N e w 
York Bay? 

In New York Bay 
find Bedloe's Island. 
Not all of the island 
can be seen in this 
\iew. It is often 
cal 1 ed Liberty 
Island because of 

the statue on it. 
This statue is called 
Liberty Enligh 

ing I lie World. It 
shows t a i| the 

pei iple who come 



126 



MAP STUDIES 



over the seas to New York that we are free and 
that we love liberty. 

What island is near Bedloe's Island ? Ellis 
Island is where many of the people who come 
from foreign lands to live in our country are 
received. 

Find Governor's Island. Find Castle Wil- 
liam. Near Castle William is Fort Columbus. 

Find a long, narrow island in East Eiver. 
What is its name ? Find Ward's and Randall's 
islands. These islands are part of Manhattan 
Borough. 

Find Brooklyn on the bird's-eye view ; find it 
on the map, page 122. Find Long Island City 
on the view. In what borough is it ? (map). 

Find two bridges connecting Manhattan Bor- 
ough with the Borough of Brooklyn (view). 
Across what island will the bridge connecting 
Manhattan Borough and Long Island City pass ? 

Find Harlem Eiver. A ship canal has been 
cut connecting Harlem River with the Hudson. 
Find Hell Gate. It is a narrow strait. 

Seat "Work. With books open, make lists of : a. The 
islands in the Upper Bay; 6. The islands in East River; 
c. The bridges connecting parts of New York City. 

LESSON VII 

Turn to page 49. Find on the map, at the top 
of the page, a large island that belongs to New 
York State. What is its name ? Two of the 
boroughs of New York City are on the western 
end of this island. Turn to your map, page 122, 
and find which boroughs are on the western end 
of Long Island. Which borough occupies one 
long and several smaller islands ? Which bor- 
ough occupies a pear-shaped island ? The island 
occupied by Richmond Borough is called Staten 
Island. 

What sound separates Staten Island from New 
Jersey on the west ? What strait and bay on 
the north ? What strait separates Staten Island 
and Long Island ? With books open bound 
Staten Island. 

Name four forts on the Narrows. 

Find Swinburne Island. There is a hospital 
on this island to which people who have con- 



tagious diseases on incoming ships are taken to 
be nursed. 

Where is Hoffman Island ? People who have 
been exposed to contagious diseases on incoming 
ships are kept at Hoffman Island until all danger 
of their giving these diseases to other people is 
over. Such a place is called a quarantine station. 

Find Coney Island ; Sheepshead Bay ; Jamaica 




Bay. What peninsula is south of Jamaica Bay ? 
Find Flushing Bay ; Pelham Bay. 

Where is Central Park ? Find Van Cortlandt 
Park. Name the other parks that you find on 
the map. 

Find Jersey City on the map. On the view, 
pages 124 and 125, find part of Jersey City and 
Hoboken. Which is the farther north ? These 
cities are in the State of New Jersey, and have 
separate governments, but they are parts of the 
great settlement at the mouth of the Hudson 
River, most of which is called New York City. 

Seat Work. 1. Make a list of the cities at the mouth of 
the Hudson. 2. Make a list of the boroughs of New York 
City. 3. Make a map like the outline map on this le>~ on. 
Make your map as large as this page. Write on it the names 
of the boroughs, bays and rivers. 

PREPARATORY EXERCISE IV 

Study Lesson VIII, page 11, Maury's Elemen- 
tary Geography. 



NATURAL SURF A I E OF NKW 10 RK 



i-r, 




LESSON VIII 

When the first white people visited the region 
which is now New STork Citj they found sandj 
beaches and wooded hills. 

The soul hern end of Manhattan Island was cov- 
ered with sand like the sand on the seashore. Just 
north of this were wooded slopes with springs and 
streams. In this section to-day man] of the cel- 
lars have to be 
dug deep to 1 he 
rock below, and 
heavy concrete 
foundations 
have to be put 
in i" I'i'st the 
liu ildings on; 
for some of the 
old springs still 
flow under- 
ground below 
the st reets and 
houses. 

Where the 
Tombs Prison now stands 
there was a great pond 
which was thought to be 
haunted by the spirit of 
an Indian who could be 
heard paddling there at 
night. The whites dug 
a canal to drain this pond. 
The canal has been filled 
up, and a street called 
< lanal SI reet now occupies 
ace. 

Around the pond the 
hill- began and i he surface 

1 ame more and more uneven toward the 

northern pari of the island and the Bronx. Over 

-■■ regions were hills of hard, gray rock, with 

valleys between, which were covered with tree-. 

When cellan or tunnels are made in the-e neigh- 

borh I-. men have to drill boles and blasl the 

rock i 

Many ages ago, great masses of ice called 
moved over this rock, scratching it. and 



rounding it off. In Central Park and the parks 
of the Bronx, scratches made by the glacier can 
be seen on some of the rocks, and big stones 
be found there which were dropped by the ice 
u hen it melted. 

Across Long Island and Staten Island there 
are hills made of earth dropped by the glacier as 
it melted. Prospect Park reservoir is on one of 
these hills. Find the forts at the Narrows. Thej 
are built on glacial hills. 

Prom t his it will be seen 
that the land where the 
Boroughs of Manhattan. 
Brooklyn and the Bronx 
now arc. was not le\ el be- 
fore the city was built 
upon it. But men want 
graded streets and level 
ground for stores, ware- 
houses and factories, so in 
many places where houses 
have been built and strei 

made, the hills 
have been cut 
down and the 
valleys have 
been filled. 

Look at the 
bird's-eye \ iew, 
page 124. Does 
M a n halt a n 
look hilly? Are 
there any steep 
hills near where 
youlive? Have 
you ever 
any hilly plai e 
in the i • i i y ? 

Seat Work. I. In which part ol Manhattan Is the Island 
made of hard rock ? _'. In which pari are there underground 
and streams? 3. Whal used to be where Canal 
Street i- now - I. Whai i- a glacier? B. What is there In 
Manhattan to show where the glacier moved .- ■'.. Whal did 
the glacier leave In Brooklyn ? 7. Where else are there lulls 
left by the glacier .- 

PREPARATORY EXERCISE V 
Study Lesson XX, page 27, Maury' Elemen- 
tary Geography. 




e in Bronx Park, 



128 



THE MANEA1TAS 



LESSON IX 

Turn to the map on page 29. Find Europe. 
In what direction from the continent of Europe 
are the British Isles ? Turn to the map on page 
91. The different colored portions of this map 
represent different countries. Find the British 
Isles, France, Belgium, the Netherlands. The 
Netherlands is often called Holland. Turn to 
page 95 and find a picture of some country people 
who live in Holland. All the people who live 
there are called Dutch. Turn to the map, page 
91, and find the strait between France and the 
British Isles ? Into what channel does this strait 
lead? If a ship sails from the Netherlands 
through the Strait of Dover and the English 
Channel, into what ocean does it pass ? What 
city do you know whose bay opens into the 
Atlantic Ocean ? Turn to the map on pages 28 
and 29, and, with your pencil, show how a ship 
could sail from the Netherlands to 
New York. 

Turn to the map on page 89. The 
different colored portions on this map 
are parts of the country that is called 
the British Isles. What is the pink 
part call im:1 ? In England the people 
speak the same language that we use 
and have ways very much like ours. 
Our language is called English, al- 
though the people livingin the United 
States are called Americans. 





,./, of Manhattan; i Fort New 

by a Dutch OffiCI r ><>'■ r 250 >j( are ago. 



Seat Work. 1. What are the people in the United States 
called V 2. What language do they speak ? 3. What are the 
people in England called ? 4. What language do they speak ? 
5. What are the people in Holland called ? 6. What part of 
your room is toward Holland from you ? 7. By what other 
name is Holland called ? 

LESSON X 
One fine day in September, 1609, a queer, 
clumsy-look- 
ing ship, fly- 
ing the Dutch 
flag, entered 
the Upper 
New York 
Bay. She was 
the " Halt- 
Moon, " sent 
out from a 
town named 
Amsterdam. 



Tlie "Half Moon." 

in Holland, by a 
company of mer- 
chants called the 
Dutch East India 
Company. Her 
captain was an 
Englishman 
named Henry 
Hudson. 

A tribe of In- 
dians called the 
Manhattas were 
on the island of 
Manhattan. They were very much frightened 
when they saw the "Great White Bird," as 
they called the ship. They ran to the shore to 
see the curious flying boat and the pale-faced 
men on board. When they found that there 
was no danger they swarmed about the "Half 
Moon " in their canoes, making friendly signs, 
and eager to get on board. Hudson gave them 
a number of things, such as axes, saws, knives, 
shoes and stockings. They did not know what 
the stockings were for, and began to use them 
for tobacco pouches. 




n Billageof the ManliaUas. 



PUK CHASE OF MAXHA1IAS ISLAND 



129 



Hudson soon sailed back to Amsterdam, but 
a few years later a company of merchants in 
the Netherlands sent out some traders to the 
new land, which they called New Netherlands. 
The traders built a fort and a few huts at the 
southern end of Manhattan Island. But they 
did not try to settle the land. They had come 
only to trade with the Indians. The trade was 
good, and so nine years later another company, 
called the West India Company, was formed. 
This company meant to trade with the Indians. 
too, but they also wished to build a town. So 
they -'Hi settlers to the new country. 

One ship sent by the West India Company 
brought thirty Belgian families railed Walloons. 
They brought with 
them domestic ani- 
. seeds and 
Some of the 
Wail I- unit to 

_\ c w .1 e rse y a nd 
some went to Con- 
necticut. Eig lit 
joined the settle- 
on .Manhattan 
Island. 

Soon other 
came over with 
I Mitch families, and 
so a Dutch i i 
was started hi 

Find tie- Navy Yard. On thai spoi some 

Walloons the first white settlement in 

■ klyn. From them the bay which you can 

see ih. -,-c was named Waal l><«iht which means 
Walloons bay. In time this name changed to 
Wallabout and ao we call ii \\ allaboul baj . 



Seat Work. (Answer each question with e 
1. Who were the fli tbltante of Manhattan [slam 

!. How many'.. i I the white i pie lii-i to 

Manh lountry rliti they i ome - I. 

at waters 'li'l th .'.. In what kiml of 

them 1 :. w ho was their 

captain? B. From whal country was he? S. What was the 

new land called? 10. Whal \v»> the Wesl India Company 

f.rnvl for? 11. Wha the i pie whom the 

!-'. Wli. •■ ettle- 




77.. pun 



LESSON XI 

The first ruler thai the white | pie of New 

Netherlands had was Peter Minuit, a sturdy old 
fellow who had worked for the East India 
Company a long time, and who was sent over 
from Ilolland to govern the Dutch settlers. 

Before Minuit came the Dutch settlement of 
Manhattan was only a trading post for Indians 
at the south end of the island. Minuit bought 
the whole island from the Indians for a few- 
glittering trinkets worth twenty-four dollars. 
In this way the Dutch got about twentj thousand 
acres of land which is now the most valuable 

land in America, 
and is worth a 
h u n d r e d m i 1 1 i o n 
limes what they 
paid for it. They 
called the settle- 
men i New Amster- 
da m. 

For a long time 
the trade of New 
Amsterdam was in 
furs, and to-day 
the -cal of New 
Yoik City, which is 
stamped by the 
ma \ o r on legal 



papers, reminds us of this 
fact. It has engraved 
upon it a beaver, in mem- 
ory of the furs which lirst 
brought wealth to the set- 
tlers ; an Indian who rep- 
resents the lir-i persons 
with whom i he New York 
merchants traded, and a 
sailor who represent - t heir 
commerce with Europe. 







Seat Work. 1. Who er Minuit? 2. From whom 

iliil the Dutch buy Manhattan ? 3. Whal did they pa 
ii worth now? 5, Whal trade was 
ried on in New Amsterdam 1 >'<. Tell whal 
New York City. 



130 



T II K DITCH GOVERNORS 




Tin first fen y front Manhattan to Long Island 
—Cattino /'« ferryman from his plow. 



LESSON XII 
There were only two roads on the island of 

Manhattan when the town of New Amsterdam 

was built. One of them led across the island, 

where Stone and Pearl Streets now are, to the 

ferry to Long Island, where Peek's Slip now is. 

There the traveler blew a horn hanging from a 

tree, and then 

the farmer 

who served as 

f e r r y in :i o 

would leave 

his plow and 

eome running 

to row the 

boat across. 
The other 

road w e n t 

north, where 

Broadway now is, among beautiful farms as far 

as what is now Park Row. It was not a street at 

all, but a wide road, or "wegh,"&s the Dutch 

called it. The English word for this is "way." 

and so it happened that when the road did be- 
come a street it was called by its old Dutch 
name, " Breed wegh." The English first called 

it "the Broad Way." but after a while the 
"the" was dropped and it became " Broadway." 
The settlers built a strong stockade, or wall, 
where Wall Street now is, to protect them against 
attacks from the Indians. 

Several canals or ditches were dug, such as 
the Dutch people had been accustomed to in old 
Amsterdam across the ocean. 

Not long after the houses were built around 
Fort Amsterdam, other little settlements were 
begun in low places near the water. Find the 
Harlem River (page 122). A settlement on its 
banks was called Harlem and the northern part 
of Manhattan is called Harlem to this day. 

Find on the map, page 144, New Utrecht ; 
Flatlands. Here there were little arms of the 
sea. Find Bnshwick. Through this region ran 
a creek. On all these low places the Dutch 
made settlements, because such low-lying lands 
reminded them of the lowlands in their old 
Holland home. 



Seat Work. 1. What i wo roads had the Dutch settlers i 
2. How was the Long Island ferry run ': -\. How did Wall 
Sunt get its name? 4. What settlement was made hy the 
Dutch in Northern Manhattan? 5. Name three settlements 
made on Long Island. 

LESSON XIII 
New Amsterdam was ruled for six years by 
Peter Minuit. During this time many settle- 
ments were made on Long Island, Staten Island, 
in New Jersey, and along the Hudson. 

The second governor was Wouter Van Twiller. 
He ruled four and a half years. 

After him came Wilhelmus Kieft, who ruled 
ten years. He was a small, quarrelsome man, 
who made harsh laws and kept the colonists 

almost con- 
stantly at war 
with the In- 
dians. He did 
much, how- 
ever, to make 
New Amster- 
dam beauti- 
ful ; for he 
planted trees, 
made better 
streets, and 
built stronger 
houses. 

Then came 




/',/.;■ Stuyvesant. 



Peter St uyvesant. He was a Dutch soldier who 
had lost a leg in the wars. His wooden leg 
was clamped around with silver rings, and so the 
people called him "Old Silver Leg." 

He owned a farm, or Bauerie, as the Dutch 
called it, below Fourteenth Street, and the road 
through this farm was called the Bauerie Lane. 
When the road became a street the word 
"Lane" was dropped, leaving its name "The 
Bowery." This is why even to-day we always 
use the word "the" before Bowery. 

Stuyvesant had schoolmasters sent from Hol- 
land and the first public school in the United 
States was begun here more than two hundred 
years ago. 

Seat Work. 1. Name the four Dutch governors of Xew 
Amsterdam. 2. How did the Bowery get its name ? 3. What 
good thing did Stuyvesant do for the colonists ? 



II () M E L I F E I N N E W A M S I E R 1> A \I 



131 



LESSON XIV 

A READING LESSOX 

The town of New Amsterdam looked very 
much like the Dutch towns of Bolland. 

The fronts of the bouses h ere of wood or stone, 
and ill" ends contained checker work of black 
and yellow Dutch brick. The roof was made of 
tile, and generally there was on it a rooster which 
turned about as the wind blew. On the doors 
were i'.L r brass knockers. 

In the gardens grew early and late flowers, and 
apples, peaches, and pears, whose blossoms per- 
fumed the 
air i n 
springtime. 
Gat he ring 
the fruit in 
the fall mad" 
work for lit- 
tle Hans. 
Ivitrina. and 
< rretchen. 

"times 

the colonists 
had troubles among themselves, or with the 
Indians, but generally they led peaceful, happy 
They had good things to eat and to 
drink, and they wore warm, comfortable 
clothing. 

After his day's work was dime the father sat 

on h - n len stoop in summer, or in front 

of bis huge fireplace in winter, placidly smoking 

his long-stemmed pipe, and telling stories to a 

group of sturdy children, while his wife worked 

er spinning wheel. 

The clothing they wore would seem queer to 

ow. On Sunday morning, when the Dutch 

burgher went to church, hi- head was covered 

with a powdered wig and over thai there h 

wide-brimmed hat, looped uj ach side with 

Two rows of Bilver buttons shone 
brightlj on iiis long coat, and around each 
pockel was a trimming of Bilver lace. Hi 
vel Ice.', i . . ended at the knee in long black silk 
kiirj-. Id- low -e hi shoes were adorned with 
silver buckles. 



3 it, ', /,,-./.... „■,//< i,. 



II,. r/ablt 
■ ■>i>i climb. 




The lady's dress was even finer. Her hair was 
curled, frizzled, and sprinkled with powder. 
Her rich gown was cut away in front to show an 
embroidered silken petticoat. Her feet wen' 
covered with silken stockings and dainty low 
shoes. Instead of a hat or a bonnet, she wore a 
colored hood of silk. She wore plenty of tings 
and lockets, and her Bible and psalm hook hung 
from her belt by a golden chain. 

( )f course the [ r people did not have such fine 

clothes. The men wore loose blouses and home- 
spun breeches, and the women had linsey woolsey 
gowns and petticoats, and deep poke bonnets. 

Dutch wives and daughters were skillful cooks 
and were always scrubbing and cleaning. Their 
floors were usually covered with sand brought 
from the seashore at Coney Island. 

On the walls hung pictures of the burgher's 
ancestors, or of hunting scene-, ami long pipe-. 




1 1 i Manhattan. Brentano l 

T/,< govet ■ ■• i \urch a, ii" fort. 

each hearing the name of its owner. Ill the hall 
1 a great Dutch (dock with the family anus 
on its ease. Straight-hacked chairs and str< 

tahles stood stiffly ale. in. There were i 
UO forks, and not much glass or ch 
oinc families had silver pitchers, waiters and 
howl-. They had no lamp-, hut made can 
eit her in tin mould- or l,\ dipping. These 

carried ahout in bra pper candle--' 

Thej had few carriages. People traveled 
mostly on horseback — the man in front ami 



132 



NEW AMSTERDAM BECOMES \E« YORK 




the woman on a cushion behind him. They 
had sleighs, and many were the sleighing excur- 
sions through the woods to the Bowery, or Har- 
lem, or over to Brooklyn or even to Flatbush or 
Bushwick. ending, perhaps, in a dance. 

Man y 
holidays 
were cel- 
ebrated in 
the settle- 
in en t of 
New Am- 
ste r dam . 
The Dutch 
keptChrist- 
mas, New 
Year's Day 

Stuyvesant 1 11 ■< . 7'Ai Eng- 
lish named it the White Hall. 

and Easter. The 
children rose early 
on Christmas morn- 
ing to find what St. 
Nicholas had left in 
their stockings. Later 
in the day they went 
skating on the ponds. 
On New Year's Day 
people called on their 
friends and feasted 
at well-filled tables. 

Seat Work. Have the pupils write compositions based on 
the pictures accompanying this chapter. 

LESSON XV 
Now the Dutch had been living in New Am- 
sterdam about fifty years, and during that time 
the English also had made a number of set- 
tlements in places not far away. About this 
time the English king. Charles II, gave to 
his brother, the Duke of York, a great deal of 
land in America, including parts of what are now 
Connecticut and New York. It is true that King 
Charles did not really own this land, but in 1664 
some English soldiers came to New Amsterdam to 
take possession for the Duke of York. 




Stuyvesant tried hard to make the Dutch 
colonists do something to keep the English out. 
He stamped through the streets, calling to his 
countrymen to drive the enemy into the sea. 
But as governor he had refused to give the col- 
onists any rights in the government, and they 
hoped for better treatment from the English, so 
they would not do anything to save the town. 
Therefore Stuyvesant had to surrender. The flag 
of the West India Company fell from Fort Am- 
sterdam, and up went the flag of England over the 
fort, whose name the English changed to Fort 
James. They also changed the name of the 
whole colony to New York. 

For a time the English ruled so kindly that 
the Dutch colonists were glad of the change. 
They were given a larger share in the govern- 
ment, and their opportu- 
nities for making money 
increased. The wind- 
mill and the barrel on 
the city seal tell of a law 
that the English made 
which was good for the 
city. By this time there 
were many farmers liv- 
ing near New York City 
and on the banks of the 
Hudson. This law re- 



Pearl Street under the Dutch 




iThe pictures on this page are from 
The Canal h> Broad 



quired all these farmers to bring their grain to 
New York to be ground into flour. This helped 



N K \V YORK IX THE EEVOLl'TIO X 



133 




*. I?<ir, nswoot 
Borough, of Queens. 



to make the city rich. New streets were added, 
which were given English names, such as Green- 
wich and Whitehall, and more people came from 
England, so that the town did not seem so 
much like a Dutch town as formerly. 

So X e w 
York grew 
and prospered 
for ah out 
a h u n d r e d 
years. Then 
its citizens 
united with 
the men of 
the other colo- 
nic s in d e - 
claring that 
they would no 
longer serve 

the king of England, but would 
be free and independent. 

At Bowling Green there was 

a leaden statue of the English 

king. The people pulled it 

down and made bullets of it to 

fight the king's troops with. 

The name of Crown Street 

.\</. l Broadway, 

was changed to Liberty Street, before the Revolution. 
because king- wear crowns, and 
the people wanted nothing to remind them of 
the king. On the seal of the city of New 
York was a crown which stood for the authority 
of the king. This was taken off and the Amer- 
ican eagle which you see on the seal was put 
there in its stead. 

Then came a war with the king of England. 
It was called the Revolution. In the second 
year of this war a battle called the Battle of 
Long I-land was fought in what, is now the bor- 
"u'h of Brooklyn. There is a large bronze tab- 
let in Prospect Park to show where the battle 
was fiercest. 

After this battle, the Americans were forced to 
retreat from New York. The English took pot 
session of the town and held it for seven years. 
It was the British headquarters during the whole 
Revolution. After tin- Americans bad won their 




freedom the English held New York as long as 
they could, but finally they sailed away, and the 
American soldiers under George Washington 
took possession. They hauled down the British 
Hag and hoisted the stars and stripes on the 25th 
day of November, L783. For this reason No- 
vember 25th is called Evacuation Day and is 
still celebrated every year by certain men. 

Seat Work. 1. About how long was New York under 
Dutch rule? 2. About bow long was it under English 
rule? 3. Which rule did it escape from by fighting? 

4. Which rule did it escape from by refusing to fight? 

5. What reason did the colonists have for wanting a cha 
from each of these European governments ? 

PREPARATORY EXERCISE VI 
Study the paragraphs on History and Govern- 
ment, Lesson XXVII, page 11. 

LESSON XVI 
Six years after the Revolu- 
tionary War was ended, the 
Constitution of the United 
States was adopted and George 
Washington was elected the first 
president. 

There is a beautiful statue at 
the conicr of Broad and Wall 
Streets, that 
shows where 
Washington 
took the oath 
thai he would 
govern the 
country just- 
ly . In Wash- 
i n g t o n 
Square, where 
Fifth Avenue 
begins, is a 
splendid me- 
morial arch in 




No l Broadu ay to dayi a ptti t of B 



honor of this event. New York was then the 

Capital of the country. What is the capital now? 

After the Revolution the town grew fast. P 

came to be a large town for I hose times. , i el for 

every one |ier-on in New York t lletl t 1 le IV a re 

one hundred and fifty people now. J; is a 
common sigh - a good building being 



134 



SIZE AND POPULATION 



torn down in order that a bigger one may he 
put in its place, and in all the outer parts of the 
city new houses are being built, and new streets 




LESSON XVII 

Did you ever hear a fire alarm, or a patrol 
gong, or an ambulance bell ? Did you ever 
notice how quickly a crowd gathers at such a 
sound ? There are so many people in the city 
that a great crowd can be collected in a moment 
at almost any spot. 

New York City extends over two hundred 



WocAs of Iwusee. Fifth Avenue, ManlLOttan, oit Easter 
Sunday. Peopleon tkeir way to church. 




This has been going on stead- 



DENSITY OF 
POPULATION 



are being laid 

ily for more than a hundred years. 

Until 1873 New York City included only 
the island of Manhat- 
tan. Then the Bronx 
was added. In 1897 
Brooklyn, Richmond 
and Queens, with all 
the cities, towns, and 
villages that they con- 
tained, were added also. 
The towns on the west 
side of the Hudson, 
which really form part 
of the same settlement, 
just as much as Brook- 
lyn does, cannot be 
made parts of New 
York City because they 
are not in the same 
state. In what state 
are they ? 



Clinton Avenue, Brooklyn. 




thousand acres of land, and contains three and 
a half million people. If all these people were to 

divide the land equally, 



Seat Work. 1. What used Populat 

to be the capital of this country? 2. What is the capital 
now ? 3. What borough was first called New York City? 
i. What borough was added next ? 5. What boroughs were 
joired to New York in 1897? 



every person would 
have a square lot about 
fifty feet on a side. 
II o w w i d e is you r 
school room ? 

But the land is not 
equally divided, and 
the people are not 
evenly scattered on it. 
The map on this page 
shows what parts of 
the various boroughs 
are closely built up, 
and where there are 
few houses. Except at 
the northern end, and 
where there are parks, 
the whole of Manhat- 
tan Map. tan Borough consists 
of solid blocks of houses, many of them 
among the tallest buildings in the world. In 
what other boroughs are there neighborhoods 



THE PEOPLE 



135 



like this ? Where the shading is gray, the 
houses do not stand so close together. Many of 
them have grounds around them. And generally 
a family lias a whole house, instead of living in 
a flat or apartment, or even in a single room, as 
so many people do in the crowded parts of the 
city. The light-colored parts show where the 
city is really like the country, with gardens and 
fields, and a house here and there. 

In what boroughs are there these country-like 
regions ? 

Compare the different boroughs on the map, 
page I'M. Which is the smallest borough ? 
Which contains the most people ? In which, 
then, must the people 
be most crowded ? 
Which is the largest 
ugh ? Has it many 
people ? Which bor- 
ough ranks second in 
size ? Which ranks 
second in population? 

Seat Work. Make a list 
of the boroughs in the order 
of their - Be. Make a list 
of the boroughs in the order 
of Their population. 

LESSON XVIII 

How many people 
are there in the city ? 
(Page L34.) 

How many people do yon know- who were born 
in other c, uhi ries ? More bhan one-third of I he 



people in the 
city were 
born in for- 
eign coun- 
tries. Each 
year thou- 
sands of }jeo- 
ple come to 
this country 
from Europe 
because they 
think they 




Colonial mansion, Astoria, L. /.. Borough Of 
Queens. Homes lit. thosi in th* country. 




can make more money and live better here than in 
their old homes. Do you know any Germans in 

New York City ? The 
Germans here came 
from a country in Eu- 
rope called Germany. 
Only two cities in (ier- 
many have more Ger- 
man people living in 
them than New York- 
has. Do you know any 
one from Ireland 'i 
Only two cities in Ire- 



Yurds of /touses in Manhattan when 
famllh ; livi in each house. 



Si iii ral 





Ponst Avenue, Tlu Bronx. Houses wltert tltt peopU 
/touses and s/tady atietls til 



Market gardening on Stolen Island, Borough oj ' 

land have more Irish inhabitants than .\< •.■. 
York City ha 

When a foreigner conns to New York he 
likes to live near people who speak his lan- 
Therefore we find whole neighbor- 
hoods filled with the people of one nationality. 
On the ea I side of Manhal tan I he Germ 



130 



THE PEOPLE 



live. Between the Bowery and the East River, 
are thousands of Polish and Russian Hebrews. 
The Chinese have a colony in the neighborhood 
of Mott and Pell Streets, Manhattan. On some 
of their festival days many brightly colored lan- 




Markeiing in Hester Street Manhattan. 

terns may be seen swinging from the windows, 
and strung from one house to another. There 
are several Italian colonies in Manhattan; one at 
Mulberry Bend, one near Washington Square, 
one in Harlem, and one in the Bronx. If you 
were in one of those neighborhoods you could 
almost imagine yourself in a land across the sea. 
The people speak their own language. The 
older people dress as they used to at home. 
They even keep their own holidays. 

People who live together in this way do not 
learn the English language and American ways 
very quickly. But they send their children to 
the schools to learn these things. 

Great ships come up the Bay every week with 
people from other lands. These people have 
brought all they own and all their money with 
them. Some have all their possessions packed 
into one or two bundles which they can carry on 
their backs. Where do they land? (P. 126.) 
What is done with those who have contagious 
diseases? (P. 126.) If one of these immigrants 
has no money he is sent back to his own coun- 
try. But if he can support himself and his 



family he is brought over to the Battery and 
allowed to remain here. 

Many immigrants are met by their friends. 
There are also societies of people who look 
after these newcomers until they find friends or 
work. 

A great many of the immigrants stay in 
the city, while others pass through the city 
and seek homes in the western part of our 
country. 

The city is constantly growing also because 
people come from all parts of the United States 
to make their homes hen'. 

Besides the people who move to the city to 
live, there are in Manhattan every day many 
thousand visitors. There are hundreds of hotels 
filled with these visitors, who come to buy things, 
to see pictures, to hear music, or to go to the 
theatres, or perhaps only to see the great city 
itself. These people are called the floating 
population. 

Manhattan has also a large daily population 
that does not sleep in the borough at night. 
Every morning on all the railroads running into 
Jersey City and Hoboken and coming from the 




Mulberry Street, Manhattan. Sen many famUiet 'ivt in each 
house. The street is croivded with wagons and push-carts, from 
which people are buying goods and provision*. 

north into the Grand Central Station, and en all 
the trolley lines coming into Manhattan, and on 
all the ferry boats from Staten Island and Long 
Island and New Jersey there are great crowds of 



STREETS 



13? 




Tilt 



Waldorf-Astoria : a bi<j hotel. 
with th* six-etory home. 






people who 
come to Man- 
hattan to 

\v ork, but 
who go back 
to their 
homes in the 
other bor- 
oughs, or in 
neighboring 
t o w n a a 1 
night. All 
through the 
afternoon 
and evening 
these crew ds 
may be seen 
returning to 
i heir homes. 



Seat Work. (Composition.) Write a paragraph on any 
one of the following topics: i. Tell of someone whom you 
know who came to New York from a foreign country, and tell 
what you know of the difference between Ids former home 
ami his present home. u'. Tell about some neighborhood that 
you know in Kew York where many foreigners live. 3. Write 
a letter from an immigrant Just arrived in New York to 
some friend at home. i. Describethe handsomest house or 
building that yon have seen in New- York. 



LESSON XIX 

Manhattan. — In the southern end nf Man- 
hattan Island, in what was old New York, the 
strecN are very irregular. Find IVarl St reel on 
the map, page 140, and trace it from one end 
tn the other. There was no plan or order in 
the naming of the streets in olden times, [f ; , 
person knew where Beaver Street was. theknowl- 
did nol help him to find Pearl 81 reet. 

About a hundred years ago a plan was made 

to layout, all new streets so that it would be 

■ r to gel about the city, and there would 

be no mure crooked streets like those made in 

Old times. 'The streets running north and south 
were called avenue-, and those running east and 

west were called streets, and both avei - and 

streets wen- to be known by numbers instead of 
bynames. The new plan was started just north 
of Houston St reet, but in Greenwich Vill 



west of the Bowery and south of Fourteenth 
.Street, some irregular si reet s had already been 
made, and these were left unchanged. 

Above Fourteenth Street the streets are reg- 
ular. Beginning on the east side, the avenues 
are numbered all the way across the island- 
First, Second, Third, Fourth, etc. — so that if you 
know where Third Avenue is you can easily find 
Fourth. (Map, page 144.) 

Parts of some ot the numbered avenues are called by 
other names. Above iStid Street Fourth Avenue changes 

its name to Park Avenue, and between 59th and HOtli 
Streets Eighth Avenue is called Central Park West. 
Above Central Park Sixth Avenue is called Lenox 
Avenue, and above 59th Street. Ninth Avenue becomes 
Columbus Avenue, Tenth Avenue is Amsterdam Avenue, 
and Eleventh Avenue is West Paid Avenue. 

St. Nicholas Avenue runs northwest from 110th Street 
to Inwood. Manhattan Avenue is between Eighth and 
Columbus and runs from lOtltli Street to St. Nicholas. 

The cross streets which run east and west, are 
also numbered — for example, 8th, 9th, 10th, etc. 
Above Washington Square, Fifth Avenue is the 
dividing line between the east and the west parts 
of the cross streets. For instance, east of Fifth 
Avenue Fourteenth Street is East Fourteenth : 
west of Fifth Avenue if is "West Fourteenth. 

"Where the island is wider, new avenues were 
made as the city grew. East of First Avenue 
these new avenues were lettered in regular order, 

Avenue A, B, ('and 1». New avei - between 

numbered avenues were named Lexington and 
Madison. 

Broadway is the great street of Manhattan, 
and it was not changed in the new plan. It runs 
from Bowling Green nearly due north as far as 
Tenth Street. There it turns northwest and 
goes diagonally across all the avenues until it 
reaches West End A\eniie at L07tb Street. 
Thence Broadway goes northward to Ybnkers. 

Brooklyn. — It would have been difficult to 
make the streete of Brooklyn innn\ regular way 
LU8C of the shape of the w* of Long 

Island where Brooklyn is. Most of the principal 
■ ts and avenues begin at, or near, the Bor- 
ough Hall. These streets diverge farther and 
farther from one another as they go until they 
id out. like t he framework of a fan, to the 



138 



STREETS 



farthest parts of the borough. Fulton Street, 
the principal street, begins at Fulton Ferry, 
near the Brooklyn Bridge, and extends eastward 
to the Borough of Queens. Flatbush Avenue 
begins near the Borough Hall and runs by Pros- 
pect Park to Jamaica Bay and the ocean. Court 
Street begins at the Borough Hall and extends 
south to Erie Basin. But the new part of 



Flushing 




! n * « ■ 



lime 



Avenue and Third Avenue keep the same names 
north of the Harlem River. Third Avenue be- 
comes the chief street of the Bronx. Jerome 
Avenue begins at Central Bridge. The Southern 
Boulevard, Morris Avenue, Boston Road and 
the Concourse are important avenues. 
Queens. — Jackson Avenue and 
Avenue are the most important thoroughfares of 
Long Island City. Atlantic 
Avenue, Myrtle Avenue, Met- 
ropolitan Avenue and Green- 
point Avenue come into the 
Borough of Queens from 
Brooklyn. Flushing, Corona, 
College Point, Jamaica, and 
all the villages in the borough 
have regular streets, but be- 
tween the villages are broad 
fields where vegetables are 
raised for the markets. 

Richmond. — The northern 
end of the Borough of Rich- 




Brooklyn, andt/u Court Sousi of Kings County. 

Brooklyn has numbered avenues, 3d, 5th, Oth, 
etc., which begin near Flatbush Avenue or 
Prospect Park and extend southward to Bay 
Ridge and Fort Hamilton. South of Prospect 
Park the avenues are known by letters A. B, C, 
etc., to Avenue Z, near Sheepshead Bay and 
Coney Island. Across these avenues the 
streets are numbered 1st, 2d, 3d, etc., to 100th 
Street. 

Broadway begins at the Broadway Ferry near the 
Williamsburg Bridge and joins Fulton Street at an acute 
angle about five miles east of the Borough Hall. Myrtle 
Avenue begins at the Borough Hall and runs east to 
Kiilgewo.nl in the Borough of Queens. Most of the 
streets in the central and eastern parts of the borough join 
these principal avenues at acute angles. Many of these 
streets have the names of famous American statesmen, 
soldiers and sailors; some have the names of the early 
Dutch settlers and old Brooklyn families, while others 
have names of cities in New York State. 

The Bronx. — The avenues from Manhattan 
connect with the streets and avenues running 
northward through the Bronx. Broadway, Park 




Sailors' Snug Harbor, Borough of Richmond. 

mond is made up of a number of villages, each 
of which has its own system of streets, and 
though these villages join, the streets are very 
irregular. In other parts of the island are 
villages with farms between. Richmond Ter- 
race, which runs along the northern shore of 
the island, and Richmond Road, which leads 
south, are the principal avenues. 

The hilly shores of the island contain many 
hotels and homes of people whose business is in 
.Manhattan. 



BUSINESS HOUSES AND HOMES 



L39 




Find Sailors' 
Snug Harbor. 
There aged sea- 
ni c n a re p ro- 

v i tl e (1 w i t h ;i 
tome. 

LESSON XX 

Are i here some 
si reets near your 
school where 
there are many 



■ "i in Slunltattait ; 
at Junction qf i: \ Fifth Avi nu 

stores ? In all parts of Man- 
hattan the stores are generally 
near one another on certain 
si reets ; in some parts of I he 
borough the buildings have 
stores on the street iloor and 
flats on the upper floors. 
There are also entire por- 
tions of this borough given / '"" / 

up to factories; other parts are filled with 
office buildings ; in other parts there are many 
r 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 houses; other parts are largely given 
upto fine apartmenl houses and family hotels ; 
while in still other parts are handsome private 
dwellings. Many millionaires have houses on 
Fifth A ven ue. on Seventy-second Sti t. on River- 
side Drive and on cross streets near .Fifth 

A.VCD 

Although the factories and docks of Brooklyn 
are important, and although it has many fine 
business streets, ye1 it is a quieter place and 
more a borough of homes than Manhattan. 
Thousands of people whose business is in .Man- 
hattan cross the bridge and ferries uight and 
morning to 1 from their home- iii Brooklyn. 

On the Par. I linton Avenue, St. Mark's 

Avenue, Ocean Avenue, Ocean Parkway ami 
other streets there are handsome resideni i . 
The southern part of the borough of the Bronx 



is built up like a city with houses, Ea and 

-lor.-. Harlem River is lined with wharves for 
half its length. But this borough is chiefly a, 
place of homes. There are handsome hoi 
along the Hudson, and on the leading streets. 

Turn to the map, page III. Find Motl 
Haven, Port .Morris and Tremont in the Bronx. 
These places were once separate \ illages", bul the 
spaces between them have been built up and all 
are now parts of New York City. The sane- 
thing is true of Williamsburg, Greenpoinf and 
Flatbush in Brooklyn. 









^ ^ 


* 


m % 


WL 


% 


utfiiw u 


S 


[llllO M 

mm 


.... 


■• 






.. 




*4a Sk- 



t Park Soat/ii a Resictenct District Ql Bivoklyn. 

Turn to the map, page 122. Find Flushing 
and Jamaica in Queens; Richmond, and Staple- 
ton, in Rich- 
m on d. Al- 
though these 
are parts of 
\ e w Y o r k 
City the 

-I reel S be- 

i w e e n the 
neighboring 
villages have 

not yet been 
built up. 

in a city 
containing so 
many people, 
it is import- 
ant Ilol o 
thai all the 



1 




i y <f^ 




i httw> w 


i ii » 

» » : ; i 

IJI.I II 










m m p'_i ' < «l> 'TBI II 




A • B JmZB^. 





140 



THE SUBWAY AND THE ELEVATED 



streets should be named, but that all the houses 
on a street should be numbered. 





Subway at City Hail Entrance. 

Go to a drug store near 
your home and ask permis- 
sion to look in the city 
directory. The names of 
people who live in the city 
are in this book in alpha- 
betic order, and after the 
name of each person is 
printed the name of the 
street and the number of 
the house where he lives. 
See if you can find in it 
your father's or your 
mother's name, and the street number of the 
house in which you live. 

Seat "Work. 1. Write the alphabet in capitals and in 
small letters. Write the names of all the children in your 
school room in alphabetic order. 

LESSON XXI 

In order that people may be able to go back 
and forth in the city there are lines of ears 
running on all the important streets and to the 
ferries and bridges, and to neighboring cities 
and villages. Many years ago we had omnibuses 
on Broadway, as well as on Fifth Avenue, and 
horse cars on other streets. After the city had 
grown to be very large, elevated roads were 
built to carry people taster and farther. Then 
horse cars took the place of the Broadway 



"busses." Next, in all the boroughs swift 
trolley cars took the place of the slow horse 
cars. Yet all these and all the elevated roads 
could not carry the people. So finally the city 
had to build railroads underground. These are 
known as the Subway. 

Have you ever traveled on an elevated road ? 
Do you know what makes the trains go ? What 
makes the street cars go ? What makes the 
ferry boats move ? The elevated cars and most 
of the street cars are run by electricity ; the 
ferry boats are run by steam. How many pilot 
houses has a ferry boat ? Who can tell why ? 
All these means of traveling about the city are 
owned by companies of men 
who pay the city for the 
right to use the streets and 
piers. 

I !ut the street cars do 
not carry our trunks, boxes, 
etc., so there are express 
companies, whose wagons 
carry trunks and boxes 
between houses, hotels and 
the railway stations and 
ferries. 




Boad on the Bowery. 



Seat Work. (Composition.) 1. Pescribea trip tosome point 

of interest in some other 1 ough than that in which yon 

live, telling how you traveled. -'. Take a piece of paper and 
a pencil to the window or door of your home or school and 
make a list of the vehicles that pass in ten minutes. Read 
the list at to-morrow's lesson. 



T IT E s r U XV A v, t he k l e y a t ED a n i> t h e f e r k I e s 



HI 



LESSON XXII 

Tin- Subway runs from the Battery past City 
Hall to the Grand Central Station at I'M Street. 
There it turns west to Broadway and follows 
Broadway up to Kingsbridge. At 103d Street 
the East Side division branches off from the 
main line and goes to Bronx Park. At the 
Battery the Subway has to pass through a tun- 
nel under the Past River to Brooklyn, where it 
connects with the subway system of that borough. 
The Subway north of City Hall was opened 
October 27th, 
L904. 

In Manhat- 
tan the elevated 
roads all start 
from the Bat- 
tery,^ hei 
connect with 
ferries t o 

Pl'onkh 

Staten island, 
with rail- 
roads that have 
• inJersey 
City. 

The Si i ond 
and Third 
A ven tie ele- 
vated railroad lines carry passengers from the 
Battery and from Brooklyn Bridge northward 
over the Harlem River into the Bronx. The 
Sixth and Ninth Avenue elevated lines carry 
Harlem River, where they can 
take train towns to the northward. 

There are also lines of street, ears running 
north and south through Manhattan on all the 
principal i pi Fifl b Arenue. On this 

avenue 3tages -till 

Some of the principal streets of Manhattan 
which have what are called " own'Mines 

on them, connecting the East River and the 
\os-i i, i; Fulton, < hambei . 

Grand and h I nh, 33d, 34th, AM. 59th, 

86th, l L6th and 125th Streets. Find these ferries 
on the map. page 144. 




The chief ferries between Manhattan and the 
New Jersey shore are at 130th, I'M. 23d, 14th, 
Christopher, Desbrosses, Franklin, Chambers, 
I'lii lay, Cortlandt and Liberty Streets. Many- 
ferry lines meet at South Ferry, near the Battery, 
and connect with the elevated roads. 

Between Manhattan and Long Island also there 
are many ferries, from the one at Whitehall 
Street, to the ferry between East 99th Street 
and College Point. Find the ferries and the 
streets which lead to them, page 144. 

The Bronx has trolley lines which connect 

with the Eighth 
A ven tie cars 
a t Cent r a 1 
Bridge and 
xvith the Lex- 
ington and 
Third Avenue 
ears at 120th 
St reet. 

The Brook- 
lyn elevated 
roads meet at 
the Brooklyn 
Bridge, and 
connect with 
Williamsburg 



in Etui /.'".,. Nolict tht kwopUoti 



bridge. Manx 

Of the street 
ear lines also cross over these bridges, SO that 
people who visit Brooklyn can lake a ear at the 
Manhattan end of either bridge. 

Elevated roads in Brooklyn run on four prin- 
cipal si reets, — Fulton, Broadway, Myrl le Ax enue, 
and Fifth Avenue, and also on Lexington. 

In Brooklyn, trolley cars run from the bridges 
or ferries on all the main avenues through the 
borough. Some cars, soon after leaving the 
Williamsburg bridge or ferries, turn into Marcy, 
\o-i rand, Sumner. Tompkins, and ot her ax en lies. 
which run north and south and cross the main 
ax enues. 

Many of the trains both of the elevated and 
surface cars run from the Brooklyn Bridg 
the ocean at Manhattan Peach. Brighton Peach, 
and < loney [slat l also out on Loi I 



14V 



N E W Y It K II A KBUU 



through the Borough of Queens. Brooklyn also 
lias the benefit of a branch of the Long Island 
Railroad, which starts from Flatbush Avenue, 
and of the main line from Long Island Citj 
through East New York to Manhattan Beach. 



— ~T" , i i i ■ . - £ — 




— M^^^^M 



/■' ' y Island. 

The Long Island Railroad, which is reached 
by the 34th Street Ferry, affords rapid transit to 
people who live in the Borough of Queens. It 
is also a favorite route from other boroughs to 
the beaches at Coney Island, Sheepshead Bay. 
Rockaway and Far Rockaway. In addition to it 
there are trolley lines running through Long 
Island City to other places in Queens Borough. 

The Staten Island Railroad has lines along 
the east shore of the Island to South Beach and 
to Tottenville, and one to the villages along the 
mirth shore. Parallel with the railroad are lines 
of trolley cars, all connecting at St. George with 
the ferry boats to South Ferry. 

Seat Work. Turn to the map on page 144. Trace the 
Sul. way. Trace each elevated road in Manhattan, Bronx and 
Brooklyn. The teacher may give problems, as : What ferry 
and what cars would you take if you were going from your 
home to visit (a) Manhattan Beach ; (6) Fordham ; (c) Staten 
Island; (d) Jersey City, Coney Island, Iloboken, Bronx 
Park, etc. 

LESSON XXIII 

If we go down the harbor of New York on a 
bright day in spring or in summer, we may see 
steamers and sailing vessels from all parts of the 
world. Here comes a busy little tug. pulling a 
great float loaded with railroad cars, containing 
provisions. Here is an excursion boat, crowded 
with happy people off for a day's outing. Next 
comes a pilot-boat on its way out to sea to 



meet some great steamer from a far-away hmd. 
On board the pilot-boat are men who know how 
to guide steamers into the upper harbor. Here 
is an ocean steamer. Two tugs are puffing and 
blowing as they push and pull her into the dock 
between the piers. On her decks are hundreds 
of passengers, while on the dock stand a number 
of people waiting to welcome their friends. 

Some of the people on the dock are custom- 
house officers. They will find out what goods 
are being brought into this country on the 
steamer and make the owners pay for permis- 
sion to bring the goods ashore. This money 
is called il ii lies or customs, and it goes to the 
United States government. 

Here is a vessel that comes from England. 
It contains woolen and cotton dress goods, tin, 
salt, and many things to be sold in the New- 
York stores, or to be sent away to other 
American cities. As soon as it can unload 
these goods it will load up again with raw cotton 
and wool, with beef and other products of our 
country. 

Ships come up the great harbor from other 
countries of Europe, too. They bring wine or 
silk goods from France, knit goods, toys and 
other things from Germany, cork cut from the 




Grain Elevators in Brooklyn. 

trees of Spanish forests, leather goods, drugs, 
and glassware from other countries. And back 
they go full of grain and meat for the English, 
French, Germans, or Spanish to eat. 

Great quantities of goods come to New York 
from eastern and southern Asia. The tea that 



LOCATION* OF DOCKS AND P1EKS 



1413 



you drink, line silk goods and straw goods, and 
coffee are brought through the harbor on ships 
that carry back to Asia goods which are manu- 
factured here. 

Find South America, page 28. Find Mexico, 
page 32. Find the West Indies. Vessels from 
these countries bring into New York Harbor 
coffee, rubber, cocoa, sugar, cotton, hides, hemp, 
drugs, and tobacco (see page 22). They take 





Manhattan. 

back f o o d - 
stuffs, clotb- 
ing, manufac- 
tured leather, 
and machin- 
ery. 

Where do 
you think we 
get all the 

out of the 

harbor on all 

these ships? 

Some things are made in this city. But grain 

and cotton do not grow in the city. Even the 

things that are manufactured here are made out 

of materials brought into the city. 

The grain is brought from the farms in the 
western pari of our country. Much of it comes 
on canal boats which are brought down the rivet- 
to the South Brooklyn water front. There it is 
transferred from the boats to bins in tall eleva 
tors, where it is kept till it is transferred again 
to some ship going to some foreign country. 

From New England come boats and cars lo idi d 
with shoes, hats, fish, paper, and all sorts of man- 
ufactures. From tie- South come cotton, lum- 
ber, sugar, rice, fruits and vegetables. From 



Tug towing canal boats in North Blver 



the West come grain, beef, pork, lumber, fruits, 
iron, copper, coal, oil, furniture, and manufac- 
tures of iron and steel. These states receive in 
return articles manufactured in New York, or 
brought here from foreign countries. 

Seat Work (Composition). Write a paragraph on one of 
these topics: 1. You are a grain of wheat coming to New 
York and sent away from New York. Tell your history. 
2. The fish and rice on your dinner table have a conversation 
before dinner. Each tells how it got here. Write the con- 
versation. 3. Pretend that you are sailing down New STori 
Kay in a steam yacht of your own, with a friend. Point the 
sights out to him as you go. 

LESSON XXIV 

In watching the ships going in and out of the 

harbor and the trains and canal boats, one feels 

astonished that so many things can be brought 

here and taken away, and that so many people 

can come and 
go with so lit- 
tle confusion. 
But e a c h 
steamship line 
and each ferry 
company ami 
each railroad 
has its own 
dock. Look 
at the bird's- 
eye view, page 
125. From 
the Battery northward, see how many piers you 
can count on North River. How many can yon 
count on the Jersey City, Hoboken and Brook- 
lyn shores ? 

Along the Hudson River many railroad ami 
steamship companies have their docks. 

Count the piers from the 1 lattery eastward. 
Northeast of the Battery there tire many sailing 
vessels .ami steamers which carry freight, and 
there is a village of canal boats which come down 
the Hudson with grain ami Hour. You can often 
see these canal boa! in the river, being pulled 
along by -mall t ugs. 

Look on the map for the Navy Yard. Here 
may be seen United States war ships. 




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O' 








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o g 5 g 

N-, a O > 



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146 



RAILROADS, STEAMSHIP LINES, ETC. 



Look on the bird's-eye view for the Atlantic 
Basin. Along the Brooklyn shore there are sev- 
eral almost enclosed sheets of water called basins 
and docks. Hundreds of vessels can be accom- 
modated in them. 

The Atlantic Docks are surrounded by great 
warehouses for storing goods, and steam eleva- 
tors for loading and unloading grain. 

The Erie Basin, which also is on the Brooklyn 
shore, has several docks called dry clocks, where 
ships can be repaired. 

Along the Brooklyn water front there aregreal 
warehouses, and from them goods are shipped 
more than half 
way around tin- 
world. 

Find St. 
George in the 
Borough of 
Ric hm oinl. 
Here five thou- 
s a n d feet of 
water front is 
owned by the 
Staten Island 
Rapid Transit 
Company. A t 
this place are 
freight yards 
also for the 
Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad, which brings train loads of prod- 
uce from the western and southern parts of our 
country. 

All about the piers and docks of the city the 
streets are full of wagons, drays, and vans, car- 
rying goods to or from the ships and the ware- 
houses. There is a constant rumble of wheels 
and shouting of drivers, and sometimes the 
street cars are stopped by the crowding of all 
these freight carriers. 

Seat Work. Look on the map, page 144, and find the chief 
railroad ferries. Find the docks where freight steamers go, 
and the canal boat village. Where are the Atlantic Docks? 
The Erie Basin ? The Navy Yard ? 

How do the canal boats reach their wharves ? Why are 
the streets near the docks so crowded ? 

What important docks are there in Richmond ? 




In West Street — wagons, dratjs and vans. 



LESSON XXV 

The water in New York Harbor is so deep 
that the largest ocean steamers can come to 
their wharves and there be unloaded. With 
such a harbor this city is a fine natural seaport. 
But every fine seaport is not a great citv. 
Let us see then what else besides its good har- 
bor helped to make New York a great city. 
Look at the country north of New York on 
page 49. Follow with your pencil the Hudson 
River from New York to Albany. Near Albany 
the Mohawk River flows into the Hudson. There 

are mountains 
south of the 
Mohawk River, 
and there are 
m o u n t a i n s 
north of it. 
But there is a 
great break in 
the mountain 
wall at the Mo- 
hawk valley. 
and through 
this break it is 
easy to travel 
from the lakes 
to the Hudson 
and down the 
Hudson to 



New York. Because of this break in the moun- 
tains a canal was built many years ago across 
the country from Buffalo to the Hudson. The 
canal boats which we see in the harbor come 
down the Hudson from this canal. It is called 
the Erie Canal and to it New York City owed a 
great deal of its early importance as a seaport. 
On the canal produce could be brought from 
different parts of the country to the city and 
goods could be carried back very cheaply. This 
gave New York an advantage over any other 
seaport on the Atlantic coast, and it soon grew 
to be the richest and largest city in the United 
States. 

At that time there were no railroads, but 
by the time railroads began to be built New 



M A N C F A C T V K E S 



u; 



York had all the money it needed to bring rail- 
road lines here, and also to bring here the new 
steamship lines that wen- needed to carry on the 
business of a great seaport. So it happens that 
to-day New York has many railroad and steam- 
ship lines, and steamboats, canal boats and sailing 
vessel-, all trying to get business away from one 
another. For this reason goods can be brought 
here from all parts of the country more cheaply 
than to any other seaport on the Atlantic coast. 
And. of course. goods from other lands can also 
be sent back to the country more cheaply. 

Many of the great railroads which bring pas- 
sengers and goods to New York stop on the 
New Jersey side of the Hudson River. The 
Pennsylvania, New Jersey Central and Erie Kail- 
roads have handsome depots in Jersey City. 
The Lackawanna has a depot in Hoboken and 
the West Shore Railroad has one in "Weehawken. 
The Lehigh Valley and Susquehanna passenger 
trains come into the Pennsylvania depot. The 
Ontario and Western passenger trains come into 
the West Shore depot. The Baltimore and Ohio 
passenger trains come into the New Jersey Cen- 
tral depot. Each of these roads has its own 
freight depot. 

The New York Central aud Xew Y r ork and 
New Haven Railroads bring passengers into New 
York City as far as Forty-second Street to the 



and the New York and New Haven Kail 

its freight depot at the lower end of the Earleni 
River in the Borough of the Bronx. 





,i<t Depot, \ H i road, i'/u />'/'»- 1 

Grand Central Station, which i- one of the hand- 
-uiuest in tin' country. The New York Central 
Railroad has its Freight depol on t be North River, 



;/ Forty-Second Sir, 



Seat Work. Turn to the map on page 144. Find the rail- 
roads that corue into depots in New Jersey. Find the rail- 
roads that come into Queens and Richmond. Make a li-' ol 
all these railroads. Opposite the name of each road write the 
ferries which take passengers to it from Manhattan. Find 
the railroads that come into the Grand Centra] Station. 

LESSON XXVI 
Did you ever watch a shoemaker at work? 
The piece of leather which comes into his shop 
goes out a finished shoe. A.1 a pottery, loads of 
clay which are dumped at one door conic out 
liuallx as beautiful vases, or delicate cups and 
saucers. A pile of clay, worth a few dollars 

when it goes in, may be worth ll sands of 

dollars when il comes out. lis worth lias : 
multiplied by the workmen who have given if its 
graceful shape, its line polish, and its bean; 
decora! ions. 

Many things which are brought into New 
York arc changed before they go out, and 
sold for much more after | be change. 

\V e have seen thai hides and leather come into 
i be city, and i hat boot - and shoe- and lea 

iod go out. Raw sugar comes in, and fine 
white sugar goes out. Pig iron and sheet iron 

mi. and machinery and iron ware go 
out. Cotton, n oollen, silk and linen goods 
come in. and nianufacl up i ing tor n 

women and children goes out. To 



148 



M ANUFACTl' K ES 



come from Cuba and the Southern States, and 
smoking tobacco, cigars and cigarettes go out. 

There are thousands of different kinds of 
things made in New York City and in the towns 
near by. 

The places where these things are made are 



called factories. New York contains more fac- 
tories than any other city in the United States. 

On the Brooklyn shore of the East River, in 
Williamsburg, is the largest sugar refinery in 
the world. Here raw sugar is made into the 
fine white sugar which we use on our tables. 
There are several other refineries in Brooklyn 
between Greenpoint and Wallabout Bay. 

In the Navy Yard, in Brooklyn, steel ships are 
built. In Erie Basin and Atlantic Basin mer- 
chant ships are built and repaired. 

About a hundred thousand people in New 
York are employed in making clothing. On the 
east side of Manhattan are many of the shops 
where clothing is made. 

In Long Island City are the great oil refineries. 
The oil comes in pipes all the way from the oil 
wells in Pennsylvania to Long Island City. 

Among the chief articles made in New York 
are books, magazines, and newspapers. This 
book was made here. At the Herald Building 
on Broadway, Manhattan, or the Eagle Building, 
Brooklyn, people can stand at the windows and 
see the great presses printing, and counting, ami 
folding and piling the papers. Near the City 
Hall in Manhattan is a group of newspaper 




offices, and the open space near them is called 
Printing House Square. 

Seat Work. 1. Which is worth more money, a piece of 
leather big enough to make into a pair of shoes, or the pail 
of shoes? :_'. Why? :). What do you call the process of 
making things? 4. If you were to knit a pair of mittens, 
would you call your house a mitten factory V ">. Why? 
ti. If you ever saw a factory, tell what went into it as ma- 
terial, and what came out as product. 7. "Where is a factory 
district of Xew York City? 



LESSON XXVII 

If you want a pair of shoes, a hat. a shite and 
pencil, and a handkerchief, you cannot go 
in the different factories for them. It would 
take too much time and cost too much money. 
Thus it happens that in every neighborhood we 
find stores which buy all these things from the 
different factories and sell them to the people 
who live near by. 

So, while many people in New York earn their 
livings by manufacturing things, many others 
make their livings by selling these things. 

On every business street of the city you can 
buy almost anything that you want. 

The stores from which we buy things are called 
retail stores. Some of the retail dealers, as the 




Printing thi "Brooklyn Eagle.* 



WHOLESALE AND RETAIL STOKES 



149 



butcher, the druggist, the grocer, sell only cer- 
tain kinds of goods. Others keep nearly all kinds 
of goods for sale in one building. Such a build- 
ing is called a department store. 

In Manhattan the largest department stores 
are on Broadway between 14th and 35th Streets, 

on Sixth 
Aven u e , 
and on 14th 
a n d 2 3d 
Streets. In 
Brook 1 yn 
they are on 
Fulton 
Street, 
Broadway, 
and Fifth 
and Myrtle 
a\ enues. 

Besides 
I he retail 
stores there 
are other 
stores, 
c a 1 1 e d 




.1 /(»/ Departn 



wholesale stores or jobbing houses, that buy 
goods from factories to sell to retail stores all 
over the country. Many of these wholesale 
stores are south of 14th Street in .Manhattan. 
Buyers from all over the United State< come to 
these stores once or twice a year to lay in their 
stocks of goods. For convenience dealers in 
certain articles select certain parts of the city 
for their stores. 

Hardware ami cutlery dealers are found on, or 
near, Chambers Street. Dealers in machinery 
are on Centre Street. Leather dealers arc on, or 
near, Gold. Spruce, and Perry streets. Stove 

deal n Beekman and Water Btreei -. 

Wholesale dealers in boots and shoes are on 
Duane and Reade streets. Wholesale drygoods 

dealers are on Church, I nard, White, Walker, 

Franklin, Thomas, and on Broadway near these 
tets. Wholesale fruit dealers arc on or tear 
Washington Street. 

( loflei I In' I loffee Exchange at. the 

corner of Pear] and Bearer Streets, and the 



coffee tradeis in that neighborhood. Flour, bacon 

and lard are sold at the Produce Exchange near 
the southern end of Broadway, and many produce 
dealers have their offices in the Produce Exchange 
Building, and the streets near by. Cotton is sold 
at the Cotton Exchange in Hanover Square, and 
the cotton merchants have their offices in that 
neighborhood. At the Mercantile Exchange, on 
Hudson Street, butter, eggs, etc., are sold. 

The chief places where food is sold are called 
markets. Some of the best known markets in 
Manhattan are Washington Market, covering a 
block bounded by Washington, West, Fulton, 
and Vesey Streets ; West Washington Market, at 




Maji nf Lower Ni a York. 

13th Street between Washington and West 
Streets; and the Fulton Fish Market east of 
South Street between Fulton and Beekman 
Streets. In Brooklyn, "Wallabout Market, east 
of the Navy Yard, is the chief place for the sale 
of Eood. Early in the day these markets an' 
among the busiest, and noisiest places in the city. 

Seat Work. 1. What Is a retail What Is aw 

sal.- store? '■'>. What is a market ! i. Name live Mines in 

your neighbor] l. -V If you were going to Bei up a little 

grocery anil meal Btore, would you go where there were 
-i [ the same sort, or where there were none vlthin sev- 
eral blocks? Why? 6. Would you go to tin' middle of a 
od full nf offices, 'it- full of liouses i V- 



1 50 



STOCK BROKERS. HANKS, TRUST COMPANIES, ETC. 



LESSON XXVIII 

A READING LESSON 

When a person who lives in New York goes to 
the country or to a smaller city to visit, the place 
seems to him wonderfully quiet, for he is used 
to a constant noise. If the street in which he 
lives is a quiet one, yet there is always to be 
heard the hum of the. city, — the rumble of 
the elevated train, the clang of the surface car 
bell, the clatter of horses' hoofs, and the min- 
gled cries and calls of many people. From very 
early in the morning until far into the night all 
these noises go on. In many parts of the city 
there are only two or three 
hours out of the twenty-four 
which are quiet, and a visitor 
from the country would think 
them noisy. 

A large part of all this bustle 
is due to the making ami buying 
and selling that go on so con- 
stantly. The raw materials are 
carried to the factory. The 
factory hands are astir and on 
their way to work. The manu- 
factured goods are traveling 
to the wholesale dealer. The 
buyers are visiting the whole- 
sale stores. The goods they 
buy are rattling over the stone 
streets to the railway, or wharf, 
or to the retail store. Shoppers 
are hurrying hack and forth and in and out of 
stores, buying goods. Over the ferries come 
the market gardeners from Long Island and 
from New Jersey with vegetables. In from the 
west come refrigerator ears full of fruit or 
meats. And up and down the aisles of the mar- 
ket goes the housekeeper or the buyer from the 
hotel. At the hotel tables sit many people, some 
of whom come, perhaps, from the very neighbor- 
hood in New Jersey where the vegetables they 
are eating were raised. They pay now good 
prices for these home products that have been 
prepared by a French cook, and then off they go, 
perhaj)s to buy lace brought over from Ireland, 




Wall Street ; Trinity 
r s. Sub- Ti> asury on 
Washington infront. 



silk from Japan, and shoes, made by New York 
workmen from South American hides. Then 
they go back to their New Jersey homes. They 
have added their share to the noise and confusion 
but also to the wealth of the second greatest city 
in the world. 

LESSON XXIX 

Besides the merchants and manufacturers 
there are business men in New York called 
stock brokers. They do not sell drygoods or 
groceries, but stocks. Do you know what stocks 
are ? When a railroad is built, or a bank is 
started, the money is furnished by many men 
who form a company. Each 
man gets a paper which tells 
how much money he put in. 
and the men who own these 
papers own the railroad or 
mine. Such papers are called 
stocks. There are thousands 
of such companies and mil- 
lions of stocks. These stocks 
are bought and sold in a build- 
ing called the Stock Ex- 
change, on Wall Street, and 
the men whose business is to 
buy or sell them are stock 
brokers. 

The Banks are places where 
business men keep their money. 
For all the goods brought into 
New York, money goes out ; for 
all the goods sent out of New York, money comes 
in. This money goes and comes through the 
banks, and it makes a very large business. There 
are about one hundred and fifty banks in all the 
boroughs, and people are putting money into 
them and taking money out of them every day. 
Banks also lend money to a man who can satisfy 
them that he will pay it back. 

Rich men have formed other companies called 
Trust Companies, where people can put their 
money. These trust companies are very much 
like banks. They take care of all sorts of valu- 
ables, and look after the property of widows ami 
of orphan children. 



Church in the distance ■ 
thi right, with Slatut q) 



HOW THE CITY IS GOVEKXKI) 



m 



The people of New York also have companies 
called Insurance Companies which do a large 
business. Some of these companies insure peo- 
ple's lives. Others insure their homes ami 
furniture against tire. Do you know what this 
means ? If a man who is insured dies, the com- 
pany pays a certain sum of money to his family. 
If a house which is insured hums, the company 
pays the owner a certain sum of money for the 
house. The Equitable, t lie Mutual, the New 
^i ork Life and other insurance companies have 
magnificent buildings, and all these companies 
together have more than a billion dollars. 

There is also a kind of bank called a Savings 
Bank. People 
who have only 
a little money 
to Sparc can 
]iu! it into 
these l.a n k -' 
and gel inter- 
est on it if it 
stays in the 
li a n k s i \ 
lis. The 

i -y in all 

banks in 
our cit y i g 
nearly six hun- 
dred million 
dolli 

So yon can 
see that the people of New York City have a 
great deal of money. It is the richest city in the 
world. .Men from all over the country come here 

to borrow money when they want to start rail- 
. Eai i -mcs, or other enterprises. Many of 
the la ink-, i ru -t companies, and insurance 

paniee are on \\ all SI reel and in t he -i reel - 
near by. The United States Sub-Treasury, 
where millions ,,f dollars are kept all the time, 
is also on Wall Street, mid so this neighborhood 
i- the money center of New York. For tin 

'.li Wall Street is known all over the world. 

Seat Work. l. wi or his living? :.'. 

If you wen ■ bank, teU what was done there. 3. Tell 

] reasone win much money cornea Into New York. 




LESSON XXX 

Did you ever see a police parade, or a fire 
partment parade, or a procession of stn 
cleaners ? These men and the other city serv- 
ants of all kinds would make an army. At the 
head of this army are the officers of the city. 
These officers and men all work for the people 
and are paid by the city. 

The Mayor is the chief officer in the city. 
A mayor is chosen by the people every two years. 
lie does not govern the city directly himself, hut 
he appoints men to look after the various parts 
of the city government. His office is in the City 

Hall. Manhat- 
tan. 

Board of 
Aldermen. — 
Over seventy 
men meet to- 
gether to make 
city la w s . 
These law- 
in :i k e r s a re 
called alder- 
in e n. T h ey 
also are chosen 
by the people. 
Borough 
Presidents — 
I! e s ides the 

U (Man. 

mayor, who is 
the chief officer for the whole city, each borough 
has ,-, president, who is its chief officer. He has 
control of the paving of streets and roads in his 
borough ; of the giving of permits to build 
houses; of the cleaning and repairing of pi 
buildings and sewers. Each borough president 
has his office in the Borough Hall of his own 
borough. 

The governmenl of the city has to do so many 
things that its duties are divided up into a 
number of classes, and each class of service is 
place,] under one department of the govern- 
ment. There are a number of these depart- 
ments. 

Among the most importanl is the Depart- 



J52 



HOW THE CITY IS GOVERNED 



ment of Finance. Finance means money. The 
officer at the head of this department is called 
the comptroller. He is elected by the people, 
and it is his duty to collect all the money for the 
city and pay the debts of the city. The money 
which the people pay to be used for the city is 
•called taxes. 

At the head of the Police Department is the 
Police Commissioner. This department controls 
all the policemen in the city. 

At the head of the Department of Street 
Cleaning is the Street Cleaning Commissioner. 
All men, horses and wagons employed in cleaning 
the streets are under his control. 



in which diseases are often 




BlackweWs Inland, showing the Charity Hospital and the 
Penitentiary. 

The chief officer of the Fire Department is 
•called the Fire Commissioner. This department 
builds and controls all engine houses, cares for 
the fire-engines and horses, and makes rules 
which the firemen must obey. 

New York is a very healthful city. This is 
partly because it is surrounded by salt water and 
swept by breezes from the ocean. But is also be- 
cause the Health Department, which is a part 
of the city government, looks after the matter. 
Meat and milk sold in the city are inspected to 
see if they are pure. The water pipes and waste 
pipes of new houses are examined to see that no 
foul gases escape. People are vaccinated, and 
people with contagious diseases are taken to the 
hospital on North Brother Island. Laws are 
made to prevent people from keeping about their 
houses decaying vegetables or other things likely 
to create disease. Spitting on the floors of 
ferrv boats and street cars is forbidden, because 



that is a way 
spread. 

In order that people may have good health a 
city should have good water. The water supply 
of New York is under the care of the Depart- 
ment of "Water Supply, Gas and Electricity. 
Water from hills far outside the city is brought 
here through large underground pipes, called 
aqueducts, and kept in great stone basins, called 
reservoirs. From the reservoirs it flows through 
pipes to the houses on the different streets. 

The Department of Education is under a 
Board of Education, made up of forty-six men. 
The Department of Education builds school 
houses, appoints teachers and principals and 
looks after the education of the people. 

The Department of Public Charities cares 
for the poor, and provides hospitals for sick 
people who have no friends or relatives to take 
care of them. Its head is the Commissioner of 
Public Charities. 

City prisons and penitentiaries are governed 
by the Commissioner of Correction, who is at the 
head of the Department of Correction. 

There is a Tenement House Department, 
at the head of which is a Tenement House Com- 
missioner. This department looks after the build- 
ing of large houses where many families live. 
There are laws to prevent people from building 
tenement houses with dark, close rooms, likely 
to injure the health of people who live in them. 

Besides the departments named there are the 
Department of Bridges, the Law Depart- 
ment, the Department of Parks, and the 
Department of Docks and Ferries, each with 
a special work to do in the government of the 
city. If dishonest men are in power, the work 
of the different departments may be very badly 
done, and great sums of money may go to men 
who do not serve the city at all. But if the 
people elected to the government and the men 
appointed by the Mayor are honest, the work is 
well done and the money spent is paid to the 
people who do the w r ork. 

The clerks in the post office and the letter carriers who 
bring you your letters every day, the officers in the Sub- 
Treasury and in the Custom House, and the men who 



Si II imm.s, LIBRARIES A N H CHURCHES 



L53 



meet thi ships coming in, and make people pay duty on 

g Is nude in foreign countries, are uol officers of New 

York City, although they live here and work side by side 
with officers. Thej are officers of the United 

States. The United States also has courts herethat sit in 
the Posl Office building and that punish any man in the 
city of New York who breaks anj law of the United 
States. 

We ilso have judges that hold court in the County 
( lourl Hi ises 
of New York, 
Kings, Rich- 
in ond and 
Queens. In 

t h e re 

S h e r i ff s , 

Clerks. -In- 
ries. Tl 
punish per- 
sons who roll 
houses, kill 
people, or do 
any sue h 
w i c k e '1 
things. Tl 
are nol 
officers. They 
are st a 
officers, and 
they punish 
pe o pie for 
break 
laws inaile by 

i see that the people of New York have 
city laws made by the aldermen; they have slate laws 
S lie of New York and they have laws made 
by the United States. There are three sets of officers 
here ready to arrest and punish people who break any 
of those laws. 

Seat Work. i. Who ia the present mayor of New York? 
~. Find out who [a the president of vour borough. :t. Find 
out who la the alderman from your ili>tri.t. I. Can yon 
think of any branch of the city government that has done 
you? What has it done? 5. I>o you know 
what rii- Health Department doea t" a house where there bae 
been a contagious disease? Where are people with 
pox taken by thi Hea -If their friends do 

nol (i i to go, do you think the city governmen 

any right to take them? Why? 6. If I want to build a 

with dark room- ami you are willing to pent the rooms from 

mi', what nuriiT I,:,- the city government to interfere? '■ How- 
man- facers are there In New York City. B. Name 
tin- United States who have work t" do 
in the city of New York. What state officers have work 
here ? 







LESSON XXXI 

Tlu' people (if ;i city ought to be intelligi 
If they are not, they will choose bad men tu 
make the laws and bad men to carry out the 
laws, and do many other unwise tilings. Then 
no one will wish to go to such a city to live or 
tu visit. Fortius reason, our city spends millions 
of dollars every year to educate the children, so 
that when they grow up to be men and women, 
they will be intelligent. Tbe law says that every 
child from six to twelve years of age must go to 
school. 

We have kindergartens, primary and grammar 
schools, high schools, a city college for boys, 
and a normal college for girls. Children can go 
through these without any cost to their parents, 
even for books. 

For persons who have to work all day, there 




SI. Luke's Hospital. 

are free evening schools and lectures in the 
public school buildings. These schools are all 
paid for out of the monej which comes from 
taxes. 

There are also other schools where children 
are taught free of charge. Many Roman Cath- 
olic churches have free schools for the children 
of tbeir members. These schools are paid for by 
the churches and are called parochial schools. 

The larger churches of ol her dei tinations also 

have mission schools for the poor. 

Besides the public scl Is, the parochial schools 

and other free schools, there are many private 
schools and colleges, and two universities in the 
city. Pupils who go to them musl pay for 
tuition, but the college and universities have 
ways of helping clever students who pay tbeir 



154 



PARKS 




Hvill of Fum. . University of New York, Univer- 
sity Il< ights. 



way. A 11 y 
poor boy in 
the city, who 
is willing to 
work hard, 
may learn 
here to be a 
doctor, a law- 
yer, a dentist, 
an engineer, 
or a college 
professor. 

The leading colleges and universities in New York are 
as follows: — Columbia University, University of the City 
<>f New York, the City College, the Normal College, Adel- 
phi College, College of St. Francis Xavier, Manhattan Col- 
lege, and St. John's College. 

Not only children, but many grown men and 
women also wish to study, and the city has 
planned for 
them, too. 
Free lectures 
are given and 
night schools 
are kept up. 
and there is ,-i 
great system 
of public libra- 
r i e s . T h e 
chief library 
building is at 




Library, Columbia University. 




The Fountain in Central Park. 



Fifth Avenue and 42d .Street. In all the bor- 
oughs there are branch libraries, and anyone who 
wishes can go to them to read or to borrow books. 
There are also special libraries for special sub- 
jects, such as History or Geography. Such 
libraries belong to societies of people interested 
in those subjects. Universities also have big 
libraries, and some of the churches and char- 
itable societies have libraries and reading rooms. 
No one in the city need be without good books 
to read. 

Cooper Institute has a school where art. draw- 
ing, bookkeeping, and other useful occupations 
are taught free of charge. 

New York has more than a thousand church 
buildings of all denominations, and Brooklyn 



used to be 
known as 
The City of 
Churches . 
These teach 
us to do right. 

On 50th Street 
and Fifth Av- 
enue there is St. 
Patrick's, the 
great Catholic 
Cathedral. On 
University Heights, near Riverside Drive, St. John's, the 
Episcopal Cathedral, is being built. On Fifth Avenue, 
opposite Central Park, there is a fine Jewish Synagogue. 

LESSON XXXII 

In a crowded city like Xew York very few peo- 
ple have gardens and grounds of their own w here 

they ran sit 
out - of -doors 
and enjoy the 
fresh air. And 
vet every body 
needs some 
such place. 
For this rea- 
son the city 
h a s ni a d e 
places called 
parks where 
air. and where boys 



every one can get fresh 
and girls can play. 

Find Central Park on map, page 11-1. Here 
tire driveways for those who have carriages, and 
bridle paths for those who ride horseback. For 
those who walk there are foot paths, leading 
beside grassy meadows, and through leafy woods, 
and past beautiful lakes, and over rocky hills, 
and across tumbling streams. A great part of 
the park has been left as much like the country 
as possible. 

In the Menagerie birds, snakes, and other wild 
animals have been collected from many lands. 
In the winter some of the circuses send their 
animals there to board. 

On some of the meadows boys play ball. Swings 



PA II K 8 



1 55 



and other children's games are allowed in the 
part called the carousel. 

In the park and at its gates are many statues. 
One of Columbus, the great Italian who discov- 
ered America, was given by the Italians of New 
York ; another of Scott, a noted Scotchman, was 
given by the Scotch people of the city. 

Find Riverside Park. This park extends along 
a high bank by the side of the Hudson liiver, so 
that those who walk along its pat lis or rest on 
its benches look out on a very beautiful view. 
On the east side of the park and facing it have 
been built many very elegant houses, each stir- 
rounded by beautiful grounds. In this park 
stands Grant's Tomb, a large white building con- 
taining the coffins of a great 
American soldier and his wife. 
There are several other statues 
in the park, one of Washing- 
ion, given to the city by the 
"il children. 

Find the Battery Park. A 
stone wall protects it from the 
waters of the hay. In old 
times, where tins wall now is 
e was a battery with cannon 
to defend the city. There is 
an odd round building near the 
water's edge which once was a 
fort called "The Castle," and 
t hen was an opera house, " Cas 



Through the summer the yards and the roofs 

of some of the school buildings are open for the 
children of the neighborhood to play in. And 
some of the parks have playgrounds in them. 






■' I 



1 ■ irden." and then was u-cd as a place to n 

ceive immigrants. Nowil is an Aquarium. All 
sorts of things thai belong to the sea, turtles 
and .-eal-. corals and sponges — can be Been tl 



Hudson River and Riverside Park,show- 
Ing Grant's Tomb on tin bluff and tfu 
New Tork Central Railroad tracks 
th* rivt r below. 

Find Seward Park. It is al- 
most entirely devoted to the 
children. Sometimes there are 
six or seven thousand children 
here at a time. 

Find Madison Square. Its 
cool shade and the waters of its 
spouting fountain are very 
pleasant to the busy crowds 
that, hurry through it. 

Find City Hall Park. This 
green space is all that is left of 
what used to be the city •■ ( !om- 
mon." In olden times an open 

space kept for the use of all the | pie was 

called a common. Soldiers drilled there, public 
speeches were made there, and children played 
On the Common. 1'oit it was not made beautiful 
as parks are nowadays. 

Find Bowling Green. This little green spot 

i- t he oldesl park in the city. Tl Id Dutch 

Bettjers used it firs! for bowling, and then for a 

market place, but the English made a park of it. 

The Speed b a j i ■■< lei el road t hree mile- long 

on the west bank of the Harlem River, above 

I59th Street. In Central Park fast driving is not 

permitted, but on the Speedway people may 
drive as fa 



Madison Square, and 
Madison Bo. Garden. 



156 



P A K K S 



1SHJ4 




/ ; Harlem l:'u 



Find Prospect Park. It is nearly as large as 

Central Park. .Many ] pie think it is more 

beautiful. This park is not only beautiful it- 
self, but very beautiful views may be seen from 
it. particularly from Lookout Hill. Here also 
are an electric fountain, a lake with boats, fields 
for games, and beautiful walks and drives. 

Find Greenwood Cemetery. This is not a 
park, but it is so attractive that people visit it as 
they visit parks. 
Find Bronx 
Park. T h e 
Bronx River runs 
through it. This 
park contains the 
Zoological Gar- 
den, which has 
many wild ani- 
mals, chiefly 
those found in 
America. Here also are the Botanical Gardens. 
where many interesting plants are grown. 

Find Pelham Bay Park on map page 122. It is 
the largest park in the city. 

Find Van Cortlandt Park on map page 122. 
There is a fine parade ground for soldiers in 
this park, but most of the park is a coun- 
try region, wild, woody and rocky. 

Almost every good sized city nowadays has 

parks of some 
sort. But very 
lew oil ies have 
such good op- 
portunity as 
.New York has 
for another 
sort of fresh- 
air space. At 
various places 
along the water 
front the city 
gcv eminent 
has established recreation piers. These piers are 
on the upper parts of regular piers. They have 
flags floating over them, ami bands play in them 
in the evenings and on Saturday afternoons. 
The people of New York are fortunate in liv- 



ing so near the ocean. All along the oce? 

of Queens and Brooklyn Boroughs and 

the Richmond coast, there are sandy beac. 

where people bathe, and where there are hotels 

and entertainments. They are reached by boats 

and by the cars, and are crowded on summer 

holidays. , 

There must be care-takers in the parks, and 
park policeman, and men to feed the animals in 

the "Zoo," and 
firemen on the 
excursion boats, 
and musicians on 
the piers, and 
bathing masters 
at the baths. So 
that the amuse- 
ments of this 
great city as 
von can see 



Notice il, r wall of ,/>;/,/ rock which forms tlu " 
of Manhattan bland. 




! Park, Brook 



give work to thousands of people. 

Seat Work. 1. Name some parks that are like the coun- 
try. 2. Name some parks where you can see wild animals. 
3. Name some statues in the city parks, and tell whom they 
represent. 4. Name two parks that have beautiful views. 
■">. What park contains a noted tomb ? 6. What park has a 
river running through it V V. What park is a piece of the 
old common ? 8. What park contains an old fort ? 

LIST OF PLACES TO VISIT 

Manhattan — City Hall, Central Park, American Mu- 
seum of Natural History, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 
Battery Park, New York Aquarium, Custom House, Sub- 
Treasuryand Washington's Statue, Liberty Island, Gov- 
ernor's Island, Riverside Park, General Grant's Tomb, 
Morningside Park, Columbia University, Stuyvesant 
Square, .Madison Square Garden, Washington Square. 

Brooklyn — Prospect Park, the United Status Navy 
Yard, Fort Hamilton, Fort Greene Park, Mt. Prospecl and 
the Reservoir (from which may be seen much of the whole 
city), the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and 
Sciences, Coney Island, Manhattan Beach, Lincoln Ten 
(at the Eastern Parkway and Buffalo Avenue from which 
Jamaica Bay and the ocean maybe seen), Bergen Bench. 

The Bronx — Bronx Park, Zoological Gardens. Botan- 
ical Gardens, Van Cortlandt Park. University of the City 
uf New York. Pelham Bay Park, High Bridge, Claremont 
Park, Crotona Pari;. 

Richmond — Midland Beach, South Beach, Fort Wads- 
worth, Sailors' Snug Harbor. 

Queens — Forest Park, Rockaway Beach, Far Rock- 
away. North Beach, College Point. 



